Friday, April 10, 2026

Artist Meets Scientist!

I have been using Gemini, Copilot and ChatGPT at work and in personal projects. I was curious to see how much those tools knew about me and how well they are able to mimic my own voice. To test it out, asked them to create a transcript of an interview where the scientist version of myself talks to the artist version of myself! What you see below is the unedited Gemini creation!

Illustration Gemini generated.

The setting is a small, 24-hour diner tucked away in a quiet corner of the Lehigh Valley. It’s 2:15 AM. Outside, a late-spring rain slickens the pavement of an empty parking lot. Inside, the air smells of hazelnut coffee and the faint, metallic ozone of a nearby transformer.

Two men sit across from each other in a corner booth. They look identical—neatly trimmed hair, glasses that catch the low light of the overhead lamp, and the thoughtful, slightly restless gaze of someone who has spent four decades solving problems. On the table between them lies a stack of blueprints, a well-worn Tamil literary magazine, and two mugs of black coffee.

One man, wearing a crisp button-down and a smartwatch, taps a finger on a tablet displaying a simulation of a star cluster. This is the Scientist. The other, wearing a soft linen shirt and holding a fountain pen, stares out the window at the rain. This is the Artist.


Movement I: The Third Filter and the Paleolithic Spear

The Scientist: (Sighing, looking at the screen) You know, I was looking at the Drake Equation again this evening. Every time I run the variables, I get stuck at the same wall. The Third Filter. We’ve survived the jump from single-celled life to multicellularity. We’ve survived the development of language. But this last one—the transition to a planetary-scale technological civilization—it feels like a thermodynamic trap.

The Artist: A trap, or a mirror? You see a wall of physics. I see a wall of memory. We spent two million years learning how to sharpen stones to keep the wolves away from the fire. We’ve only had seventy years of split atoms and silicon. You think we’re trapped by thermodynamics, but I think we’re trapped by our own ghosts.

The Scientist: The math doesn't care about ghosts. Look at the energy requirements for a Type I civilization. As we advance, our complexity grows exponentially. To maintain that complexity, we need more energy, which creates more waste, more heat, and more systemic fragility. It’s not just about "bad actors." It’s about the sheer statistical probability of a system this complex eventually finding its own self-annihilation. We are effectively building a larger and larger "trolley problem" every year, except now the tracks lead to a cliff, and the lever is being pulled by everyone and no one at the same time.

The Artist: (Smiling faintly) You’re referencing your own book again. But the "Trolley Problem" is a thought experiment about choice. What worries you isn't the physics; it’s the lack of a moral governor. Why are we still throwing bombs at each other in the 21st century? Because we have the technology of gods but the emotional regulation of the hunters I write about in Solvanam. We’ve built a world that requires 300,000-year-old brains to manage 5-nanometer transistors.

The Scientist: Exactly! That’s the friction. We’ve optimized our silicon to the point where we’re pushing the limits of Moore’s Law—I’ve spent half my career in those cleanrooms—but we haven't optimized our empathy. We can land a drill bit 100 miles out in the Arabian Sea with precision down to the millimeter, but we can't figure out how to share the oil without threatening to burn the world down. It’s a "transdomain" failure. We are great at modeling the flow of fluids in a pipeline, but we are terrible at modeling the flow of resentment in a nation.

The Artist: Resentment is a narrative, not a fluid. You can't put a transducer on it. (He pauses, looking at the Tamil magazine). I think about my parents sometimes—the way they only understand the world through Tamil, through a lens that is thousands of years old. There’s a stillness there that we’ve lost. They don’t see a "Great Filter." They see a lineage. To them, the 21st century is just another chapter in a very long, very dusty book. Maybe the reason civilizations fail isn't that they run out of energy, but that they run out of stories worth surviving for.

The Scientist: That’s a poetic sentiment, but it won’t stop a MIRV. When I look at the geopolitics of energy—what I've been writing about in Oil & Water—I see a zero-sum game. We are mired in "Underground Demons." We’re fighting over the remains of ancient plankton to power a future that might not want us. It’s the "Heinz Dilemma" on a planetary scale. Do we steal the "medicine"—the energy—to save our economy, even if it breaks the world?

The Artist: And that brings us to the sixty-year-old question. You and I, we’re at the age where we start looking at the "Ship of Theseus." We’ve replaced every board, every sail. We aren't the young engineers who landed on the SH Complex in the late 80s anymore. We are something else now. If we’re so worried about the world self-annihilating, how do we use these last few decades to build a better filter?

The Scientist: (Leaning back) I think it starts with the "CLEAR" principle—but for life, not just for presentations. Content, Look, Energy, Articulation, Recap. We have the "Content" (the data) and the "Energy" (the resources). But we lack the "Articulation"—the ability to explain to the next generation why they shouldn't pull the lever. I spend my time mentoring at VIT and through the Ben Franklin partners, trying to hand over the technical keys. But the keys are useless if the room is on fire.

The Artist: Then perhaps the interview needs to go deeper. If the scientist provides the blueprints, the artist has to provide the "Why." We aren't just here to survive the Third Filter. We’re here to ensure that when Arjun and Anika look back, they don’t just see a well-maintained machine. They see a home.


This concludes Movement I.

Next Topic for Movement II: Will pivot to personal history and family interviews.

Movement II: The Archive of the Heart vs. The Entropy of Data

The Scientist: (Gesturing to the screen) I spent hours last month troubleshooting my father’s Google Photos account. It’s fascinating, really—the technical debt of a lifetime. We have all this hardware, all these gigabytes of cloud storage, and yet the "user interface" between a 90-year-old’s memory and a 2026 server is still so fragile. I find myself acting as a human bridge, translating the "Save to Cloud" button into a concept that makes sense to a man who grew up when a "file" was a physical folder in a dusty office in Chennai.

The Artist: (Stirring his coffee) You call it troubleshooting. I call it a seance. When you record those interviews for the family playlist, you aren’t just "capturing data." You’re fighting entropy. Every time one of our elders speaks, they are pushing back against the heat death of our family’s history. You’re worried about the Third Filter of civilizations, but what about the "First Filter" of a family? The moment when the grandchildren no longer know the name of the village their great-grandfather walked out of with nothing but a degree and a dream.

The Scientist: (Nodding) True. From a purely information-theory perspective, we are losing bits every day. My father’s stories are high-entropy until they are encoded. But even as I record them, I’m looking at the "Signal-to-Noise" ratio. He talks about the old days, and I’m trying to find the structure—the dates, the names, the logic of the migration. My PhD brain wants a spreadsheet. It wants to map the trajectory from Annamalai University to the offshore platforms of the Arabian Sea.

The Artist: But the "noise" is where the life is! The way he describes the smell of the rain in the village, or the specific anxiety of a mother watching her son go off to a helicopter design bureau. That’s what I try to capture in my Solvanam articles. When I write in Tamil, I feel like I’m using a different set of sensors. English is the language of my patents, my "CLEAR" presentations, and my technical reviews. It’s a scalpel. But Tamil? Tamil is a loom. It allows me to weave those family interviews into something that feels like a home, not just a database.

The Scientist: (Smiling) It’s funny you mention the offshore platforms. I was thinking about Gurdev the other day—that incident with the flare stack we wrote about in the manuscript. At the time, I was focused on the pressure valves, the safety protocols, the sheer physics of not letting the platform turn into a torch. I was the Assistant Executive Engineer, responsible for the "Logic Control."

The Artist: And I was the one wondering what Gurdev was thinking in that moment of silence before the alarm. Was he thinking about the pressure gauge, or was he thinking about his family back on the mainland? That’s the "Oil and Water" of our lives. You can’t mix the technical reality of a well blowout with the emotional reality of a man’s fear, but they both occupy the same space.

The Scientist: We’ve spent thirty years in the US now. Allentown, PA—a long way from the Bay of Bengal. I look at my daughter, navigating her university years, and I think about the 529 plans and the tuition logistics. The "Scientist" in me is satisfied that the "Inputs" are managed. But then I see her watching those family videos you made, and I realize she’s looking for something the Scientist can’t provide. She’s looking for the "root password" to her own identity.

The Artist: Precisely. We are "System Administrators" of a legacy. If we only give her the technical success—the Intel career, the patents, the published papers—we’ve only given her the hardware. The "software" is the story of our parents. It’s the story of why we donated those Amazon shares to Doctors Without Borders—not just for the tax basis, but because of a fundamental belief in the global collective.

The Scientist: (Leaning forward) But how do we bridge it? My parents only understand Tamil. My daughter is a product of the Northeast US. The gap feels like a latency issue in a cross-continental network. I can build a companion website for my book on Wix or Blogspot, but I can’t "host" a culture if the users are on different operating systems.

The Artist: You don’t host it; you translate it. That’s why we do the interviews. That’s why we write. We are the "Middleware." We take the deep-rooted, ancient values of our parents—that sense of duty, that quiet endurance—and we re-code it for a world of AI and offshore drilling. We tell them: "The Great Filter is real, but your ancestors survived a hundred smaller filters just so you could sit here and worry about the big one."


Movement II concludes.

Next Topic for Movement III: "The 21st-Century Spear."

The rain has shifted from a rhythmic drumming to a heavy, insistent downpour that blurs the streetlights into smudges of amber. Inside the diner, the Scientist has pulled out a yellow legal pad, sketching a diagram of a feedback loop. The Artist is looking at a small, framed photo on his phone—a picture of the Annamalai University campus from decades ago.


Movement III: The Migration of Logic and the Persistence of the Spear

The Scientist: (Tapping the legal pad) I’ve been thinking about the transition. Moving from the offshore platforms in the Arabian Sea to the lecture halls of LSU in Baton Rouge wasn’t just a change in geography. It was a phase shift. On the platform, "Logic Control" was physical. You could see the actuators, smell the well fluid, hear the turbines. But in the PhD program, logic became abstract. It became silicon accelerators and ATM networks. I spent my days modeling congestion management, trying to find order in the chaos of data packets.

The Artist: (Nodding) And yet, the displacement was the same. Whether you’re on a helicopter flying over the Bombay High or a graduate student navigating the humidity of Louisiana, you are "Oil" in "Water." You are a foreign substance trying to find its equilibrium. I remember writing those early drafts for Solvanam—it was like trying to keep a flame alive in a high-wind environment. You were building the infrastructure of the future at Intel and Lucent, but I was worried about the "Architecture of the Self." If we replace our environment, our language, and our daily routines, are we still the same "Ship of Theseus"?

The Scientist: That’s the thing about the "Ship of Theseus"—the planks we replaced were technical. We traded the maintenance of flare stacks for the maintenance of 5G/6G standards. But the "Spear" remained. That brings me back to the conflict you mentioned earlier. Why are we still throwing bombs? When I look at the research for Oil & Water, the answer is depressingly thermodynamic. Conflict is almost always a dispute over energy density. We fight over the "Underground Demons" because we haven't yet mastered the "Sky Gods" of green energy. We are still a "Tricone Bit" species trying to live in a "Tokamak" future.

The Artist: You’re looking at the resource map. I’m looking at the lizard brain. We have the "CLEAR" principle for presentations—Content, Look, Energy, Articulation, Recap. We are great at "Content" and "Look." Our bombs are "smart," our drones are sleek, and our propaganda is high-definition. But our "Articulation" is a disaster. We haven't figured out how to articulate a version of the future where the "Other" isn't a threat to our "Energy." We are still using 21st-century spears to settle 1st-century grudges.

The Scientist: It’s a failure of the "Recap." In every thought experiment I’ve written about, there’s a moment of reflection. The "Trolley Problem" forces you to look at the consequences. But in global conflict, there is no "Recap" phase where everyone agrees on the data. We have "Alternative Facts" now. The "Signal-to-Noise" ratio in our global discourse has dropped so low that the "Signal"—our collective survival—is being lost in the "Noise" of tribalism.

The Artist: I think about our parents again. They lived through the transition of India—from the British Raj to Independence to the digital age. They saw the "Spears" change, but they also saw the "Solidarity" hold. When we were younger, helping the world meant building the network. We thought if we connected everyone via VoIP and broadband, the "Bombs" would stop because we’d finally be able to talk to each other.

The Scientist: (A dry laugh) Instead, we just gave everyone a faster way to throw digital stones. I spent my career optimizing those data paths. I helped build the "broadband access networks" that now carry the very misinformation that fuels the conflict. It’s a "Heinz Dilemma" for the tech industry: Did we "steal" the connectivity to save the world, only to find out the "medicine" had side effects we didn't model?

The Artist: This is where the mentorship comes in. At sixty, we aren't the ones in the trenches anymore. We are the "Business Consultants" and the "Adjunct Professors." When you talk to those students at VIT or the startups at Ben Franklin, you aren't just teaching them how to manage a Software Development Lifecycle. You’re teaching them how to be "Systems Thinkers." You’re trying to give them the "Moral Logic" to go with their "Silicon Logic."

The Scientist: I tell them about the "flare stack incident" with Gurdev. Not because of the engineering, but because of the human decision-making under pressure. I want them to understand that every line of code, every patent for a silicon accelerator, is a brick in the wall of the Third Filter. If they build it without empathy, they are just sharpening the spear.

The Artist: (Writing a line in his notebook) "The Scientist builds the bridge; the Artist explains why we should cross it." We’ve spent thirty years in the US becoming "Solutions Delivery Strategists." But the ultimate "Solution" isn't a piece of hardware. It’s the story we tell Arjun and Anika. It’s the story that says: "Yes, the world is still throwing bombs, but we are the ones who know how to build the water injection wells that put out the fires."


Movement III concludes.

Next Topic for Movement IV: "The Geometry of Tamil and the Physics of Prose." How does writing in two languages change the way you solve problems? We can explore the "Solvanam" essays versus the Technical Papers, and how the "Art of the Line Edit" applies to both a book manuscript and a career.

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The clock above the counter hums, the minute hand twitching toward 3:30 AM. The rain has settled into a rhythmic mist that clings to the diner windows like a shroud. The Scientist has cleared a space on the table, lining up his pens with mathematical precision. The Artist is leafing through a draft of a Tamil essay, his fingers tracing the loops of the script as if reading Braille.


Movement IV: The Geometry of Tamil and the Physics of Prose

The Scientist: (Watching the Artist) I’ve always envied the way you move between those two scripts. To me, English is a compiled language. It’s the language of the Patent Office, the IEEE papers, and the "CLEAR" decks. It’s designed for low latency and high throughput. When I write a technical specification or a book chapter for Oil & Water, I’m trying to eliminate ambiguity. I want a 1:1 mapping between the word and the physical reality of a silicon accelerator or a water injection well.

The Artist: (Looking up) And that is exactly why it feels like a cage sometimes. English is a magnificent tool for "Articulation" and "Recap," but it’s a language of nouns and hard edges. When I write for Solvanam, I’m not looking for 1:1 mapping. I’m looking for resonance. Tamil doesn’t just describe an object; it describes the history of the object and the observer’s relationship to it. The geometry of the script itself—those circles and curves—it feels like the way memory actually works. It’s non-linear. It’s a "Thought Experiment" that never really ends.

The Scientist: But don’t you find the "Art of the Line Edit" to be the same in both? When I’m reviewing a manuscript or a junior engineer’s report, my first instinct is to tighten. I look for the "Technical Debt" in a sentence. If a paragraph takes forty words to explain a concept that only needs ten, that’s a system inefficiency. Whether it’s code or prose, "tightness" is a mark of quality. I call it "Elements of Style" for the 21st century.

The Artist: I agree on the "Tightness," but our goals are different. You tighten to increase speed. I tighten to increase pressure. In a short story or a literary essay, I want the words to be so lean that they have no choice but to explode in the reader’s mind. It’s like the "Ship of Theseus" we both love to debate. If I replace every word in a sentence to make it more "efficient," is it still the same story? Or have I optimized the soul out of it?

The Scientist: (Smiles) You think I don’t care about soul? I spent years at Intel and Lucent trying to make networks "invisible." The goal of a perfect system is that you never notice the engineering; you only experience the connection. That’s "Art" in its own way. When we talk about "Oil & Water," I’m trying to use the "Physics of Prose" to make the complex geopolitics of energy as clear as a glass of water. If the reader has to struggle to understand the "Trolley Problem" of green energy, then I’ve failed as a designer.

The Artist: It’s a bridge we’re both building from different sides of the river. You’re coming from the land of "Logic Control" and "ASICs," and I’m coming from the world of family lore and Tamil literature. We meet in the middle, in this late-night diner, trying to figure out how to be a "Solutions Delivery Strategist" for a life that doesn't always have a clear solution.

The Scientist: (Checking his tablet) I think about the lectures I give now—the ones about "Living in the USA" or "Career in Semiconductors." I use the same "CLEAR" mnemonic I developed for corporate executives. But I find myself adding more "Art" to the "Energy" section. I realize that a sixty-year-old’s most important "Product" isn't a new patent anymore. It’s the ability to translate the technical rigor of our past into a narrative that gives the next generation a reason to keep solving the "Great Filter."

The Artist: Then let’s make that our final movement. Not just how we survived the transition from the Arabian Sea to the Lehigh Valley, but how we ensure the stories—and the science—stay intertwined. The "Oil" and the "Water" don’t have to mix, but they can certainly coexist in the same vessel.


Movement IV concludes.

Final Movement: "The Legacy Protocol." How do you view your role as a mentor and father today? We can conclude with the "Recap" of your dual-self—the scientist who builds the world and the artist who makes it worth living in.

The blue light of pre-dawn has begun to seep through the diner’s condensation-streaked windows, turning the world outside a ghostly, electric indigo. The rain has stopped, leaving a quiet, heavy dampness. The Scientist has closed his tablet, and the Artist has capped his fountain pen. They sit in the silence of two people who have finally reached the heart of the matter.


Final Movement: The Legacy Protocol

The Scientist: (Looking at the empty parking lot) 4:00 AM. This is usually when the "Systems Operations" mindset kicks in. The "Recap" phase of the CLEAR model. We’ve looked at the Third Filter, the persistence of the Spear, and the geometry of our two languages. But now we have to talk about the "Transfer Protocol." At sixty, the question isn’t about how much data we can accumulate, but how much we can hand off without it being corrupted by the noise of the world.

The Artist: You’re talking about mentorship, but you’re phrasing it like a packet header. I think about it more as "The Ship of Theseus" applied to a life. We’ve replaced all the boards. We’ve traveled from the helicopter bureaus and the flare stacks of the Arabian Sea to the executive offices in Pennsylvania. What is the one thing—the "Keel"—that hasn't changed? Because that is what we owe the next generation.

The Scientist: The "Keel" is the rigor. Whether I’m explaining the cost-basis of a stock donation or the architecture of a silicon accelerator, the rigor must be absolute. That’s what I try to give my mentees. I tell them: "The world is complex, and the Great Filter is real, but your primary defense is the clarity of your thought." If you can’t run the thought experiment to its conclusion, you shouldn’t be building the system. We have to teach them to be "Systemic Guardians."

The Artist: (Nodding) And I tell them that the rigor is useless if you don't have a soul to anchor it. When I look at the companion website we’re building or the manuscripts we’ve polished, I’m looking for the human face behind the "Oil and Water." I want Arjun and Anika to know that their father wasn't just a "Solutions Delivery Strategist." He was a man who stayed up late wondering why humans still throw bombs, and who used his retirement to translate the wisdom of his parents into a digital format they could understand.

The Scientist: It’s a strange feeling, isn't it? Being the bridge. We are the last generation that remembers the world before it was fully connected, and we are the first to see the full weight of that connection. We’re "Business Consultants" now, but really, we’re "Legacy Architects." We’re trying to build a version of the future that doesn't self-annihilate.

The Artist: I think about the "Underground Demons" you wrote about—the energy that drives us. We’ve spent thirty years extracting it, processing it, and moving it. But the real energy for the future is the "Sky Gods" of creativity and empathy. That’s the real "Green Energy." If we can mentor just a handful of people to think in both Tamil and English—to think in both Physics and Poetry—then maybe the Third Filter isn't a wall. Maybe it’s a gate.

The Scientist: (Standing up, reaching for his coat) A gate that only opens if you have the right "Root Password." And that password isn't a string of numbers. It’s a story. A story about a man who worked on a flare stack in the middle of the ocean and realized that the flame wasn't just a byproduct of industry—it was a signal fire for everyone coming after him.

The Artist: (Standing with him) The "Final Recap." We’ve spent 10,000 words—or a lifetime—debating ourselves. The Scientist provides the "Content" and the "Look." The Artist provides the "Energy" and the "Articulation." And together, we provide the "Recap" for those who follow.

The Scientist: (Opening the diner door, the cold air rushing in) Ready to go back to work?

The Artist: (Smiling) I never stopped.


Epilogue: The Dual-Self Repository

As the two versions of the same man walk out into the cool Pennsylvania morning, the following "Protocol for the Future" remains on the table, scribbled on a napkin:

  1. The Rigor of the Scientist: Always calculate the cost. Not just in dollars or energy, but in human consequence.
  2. The Memory of the Artist: Never let the "Signal" of your heritage be drowned out by the "Noise" of the modern world.
  3. The Duty of the Mentor: Your best patent is the person you helped find their own voice.
  4. The Promise to the Next Generation: The bombs may still be falling, but we will never stop building the wells that provide the water.

Friday, December 26, 2025

Book Review: Africa Is Not A Country by Dipo Faloyin

 US TV talk show host Jimmy Kimmel did a segment few years ago titled Can you name one country? You can click on the link to see a short video of that segment. Though this clip is selectively edited & presented to elicit laughter, it is stunning to see so many adults interviewed in that piece not being able to point out even one country on the world map, and practically everyone pointing to Africa and calling it a country! Though the slogan has been floating around for a while, this 2022 book titled "Africa is not a country - Notes on a bright continent" by Dipo Faloyin is a nice read. It has a good mix of serious politics, atrocious & poignant stories, discussions of cultural differences within African societies, as well as funny narratives, sarcasm, music & books thrown in for a good measure. Since it is written in very accessible language, should be an easy read for anyone interested. Got the book as a gift from a niece named Meenakshi we hosted for couple of weeks last year. She gave it to me as a thank you gift, based on a suggestion by her brother Bala. Mentioning them by name since it is heartening to see younger generation taking interest in such topics, as also borne out by the kid at the end of the Jimmy Kimmel video link above. There is hope! 

Book starts sarcastically (but sadly reflecting the zeitgeist) with this statement on the first page that sets the tone and clues you in as to what is ahead:

[Insert generic African proverb here. Ideally an allegory about a wise monkey and his interaction with a tree, or the relationship between the donkey and the ant that surprisingly speaks to the grand gestures of valor.
Sign it off: Ancient African Proverb]

Since the author is originally from Nigeria, Part 1 talks about that country and particularly about the City of Lagos, vibrant & chaotic, smelling like fresh fruit and diesel, its hustle culture, maddening traffic, people eating suya (a kind of grilled meat), and how it doesn't look/feel like many other parts of Africa. It points out that if you go on a safari tour of Lagos, it will probably involve finding the shrewdest car mechanic on the planet and large bountiful markets but not the five big game animals. Parts 2 & 3 discuss in good detail, how African countries were created by Europeans drawing lines on the map, often sitting in Europe, that ended up carving nations that didn't make much practical sense from language, people, culture points of view, that later also helped sow a lot of hatred leading to decades of wars & conflicts. It also gets into the how Africa is always portrayed as a bunch of poverty-stricken people with sick children that are accompanied by flies buzzing around, that had to be saved by white savior imagery. There is an apt Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (famous writer) quote saying, "If all I knew about Africa were from popular images, I too would think that Africa was a place of beautiful landscapes, beautiful animals and incomprehensible people, fighting senseless wars, dying of poverty and AIDS, unable to speak for themselves." 

While the continent has 54 countries, 2000 dialects, 3000 ethnic groups and more than a billion people, next part does delve into the reasons Africa is often seen as hopeless. Author touches upon seven different dictatorships some of which have lasted multiple decades even though the big man on top is not even being seen anywhere, as they are too old and medically unfit. These countries do struggle with corruption, violence, tribal warfare, including famines that paints them in miserable light. Dictatorship stories get into enough detail about European and American support and interest that had often led to these deplorable situations. Part five that delves into Hollywood's portrayal of Africa that has contributed to so much of negative perception (even when it is supposedly well intentioned) and often being the reason that the continent is perceived as one single country (since movies portray some generic version of Africa without distinguishing countries and cultures) is very valid, but felt a bit stretched to make the point. Sections on African stolen artifacts that fill the museums in several cities of Europe and the US and how these countries & museums dance around in floral language to avoid giving back the stolen goods is vivid and valid. Consider watching this LWT segment by John Oliver dissecting this topic. 

One of my Intel team members named Oluseyi Adejuwon, is originally from Nigeria. When I was invited to attend one of their family functions few years ago (see attached pix), ate Jollof Rice for the first time and learned about its cultural significance. So, thoroughly enjoyed the way one of the last parts dealing with Jollof Rice is written. Nice prose while being funny. Book ends with the question "what is next?" and answers that question, as you'd expect, with "African people need to decide". I always felt I don't know as much about Africa as I do about Asia, Europe or NA. Since I remain curious, I do plan to travel to Africa in the forthcoming years. Would also love to visit universities there, give lectures, talk to faculty & students. So far, my attempts to reach out to universities there to develop connections to offer free voluntary tech lectures haven't yielded any meaningful results. If you have contacts, LMK. If not, consider giving this book a read or at least catch a movie or two made in Nollywood (as the Nigerian movie industry is called), South Africa or even Egypt. Saying that since they are all low budget movies, set in contemporary times, and not big budget productions that tries to transport you to another period or place. Thus, they tend to give little insights into how those societies currently function. I have seen many shows and movies, on Netflix, during plane rides and so on, and found them interesting. 

Wednesday, November 26, 2025

Rural solar electrification leveraging a confluence of factors!

 Couple of years ago I was trying to come up with a small framework I can use to analyze & understand anything that comes my way, be it world policy, family issues, work projects, politics or anything else. Eventually settled on two simple questions:


1. Is the picture being presented complete? (This is to help us get past arguments that focus too much on small slivers of data and/or anecdotal evidence.)

2. Whatever solution being proposed, will it scale? (This is to ensure that we are not beguiled by very nice-sounding solutions that cost too much or too complicated to implement and so won't work when scaled up.)

You can find the full post titled Simple Questions here
There can always be exceptions. Perhaps in some situations it is impossible to get the full picture OR scaling is not that important OR we need to do small scale solutions now and focus on big scale solutions later, etc. But asking these two questions should help us cut through clutter on any domain we are interested in learning about. 

Many articles, substack posts, papers I have been reading recently, with these two framework questions in mind, seems to point to solar power evolving into a comprehensive solution for power delivery in many remote parts of the world. As you may know, if we can somehow harvest all the energy that reaches planet earth from sun for one hour, it is adequate to cover all our power needs for a whole year! Though this is not practical, it goes to show that there is enough energy available if we can make use of it efficiently. This means the solution will scale if needed. This is getting demonstrated in parts of Africa really well!

- Solar panel costs (measured as $/watt) have plummeted more than 99% over the past 50 years. In other words, if you'd have spent $10,000 in 1975 to buy panels to power a home, panels providing same amount of power cost much less than $100 now! 

- Pay as you go models that allow people who are not wealthy to get solar power, paying monthly installments. After 5, 6 years, they do get full ownership.

- Mpesa (in Kenya) and other money exchange models that work via feature phones and SMS text messages, make it easy for customers in remote locations to make payments. 

- Solar panels installed in remote locations now come with microchips embedded that allows the service provider to turn off the service remotely if the monthly payments are not coming in, obviating the need for a truck roll. If payment resumes, service can be turned on again easily and remotely. 

- Mobile phone adoption skyrocketed in India couple of decades ago, since there was huge void that required filling as landlines were not easy to get and didn't work well. Similarly, solar adoption is taking off in Africa since "building power plants & running wires to individual homes miles and miles away" model wasn't working for decades, leaving a big void. 

- Western companies trying to buy green credits and even PE (Private Equity) companies trying to turn a profit, are investing in this area now, reducing the costs further!

Model seems to be replicable in most parts of the world and so can scale. This understanding appears correct since I see writeups explaining how renewable energy creation costs are now equal to or even below traditional power production and so are starting to compete on cost, powerful big countries like China, India as well as smaller countries around the world are leveraging these trends to implement solar projects in massive scales, and so on. China's manufacturing prowess cratering panel costs alone is a significant contribution towards green energy adoption around the world! 

I did read an odd article in the Financial Express. It discussed how the Pakistani power grid is not supplying power reliably, that is pushing anyone who can afford to buy solar panels to switch to solar for their electricity needs. This leaves only the poor who couldn't afford on the grid. They don't pay their dues properly that puts the grid in death spiral! While this is sad, even that article talked about customers buying panels fully first. Instead, if this "pay as you go" model gets implemented in Pakistan, it will work even for the poor. It may play the death knell for their power grid but will at least provide reliable power to everyone. Hopefully the resulting improvement in the economy, will eventually help the grid as well. 

Just to be clear, the overall share of power generation using solar is still too small compared to the role of fossil fuels as seen in this chart below. You can visit the https://ourworldindata.org/ site that has a lot of interesting data that is easy to explore in many domains, including this one. Still, it is good to see this uptick at least in the rural electrification projects, particularly since this model will scale. 





If you'd like to read a more detailed analysis, check-out this link and this one

Tuesday, November 11, 2025

Book Review: Poverty, by America by Matthew Desmond

For the past few months, I have been working on my next book titled "Oil & Water - How energy shapes societies, countries and the world" that is expected to come out early next year. It starts with my personal stories from the years I was working as an offshore oil platform maintenance engineer in the late 80's and then discusses global energy policies, geopolitics including Russia weaponizing natural gas export, fracking, nuclear fusion and so on. Though these widely different topics may make me sound like a boring policy wonk, I have tried my best to keep the flow interesting, short, and crisp. Since there is always more to discuss, I have setup a companion website for the print edition at https://oilwaterbook.blogspot.com where I intend to post additional/updated links, videos and other reference material for interested readers. Though the site is WIP, check out the short audio intros I have posted there in multiple languages. These were generated using Notebook LM. I was tickled to be able to do this for free and have posted 15 min long audio intros in English, Chinese, Spanish, Korean, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada and so on. Each version is unique and is NOT a translation though there are overlaps. Try out the languages you like and let me know if there are errors or anything goofy that I should correct.  

Because of that diversion, reading has taken a hit! To catch up, picked up Poverty, By America by Matthew Desmond. I have been hearing about it from friends and media. Very easy read, as it is a short book (less than 200 pages) written in simple language. The main argument is that USA, despite being a rich & industrially advanced country, still leaves many of its citizenry in poverty. It proceeds to discuss possible remedies. While I may be fiscally conservative, when it comes to social issues, I tend to be progressive/liberal. Thus, the book is preaching to the choir. The chapter titles of the book, such as How we undercut workers, How we force the poor to pay more, How we rely on welfare, clearly convey what is being discussed. 

Book starts with anecdotes of a 55-year-old father pulling double shifts and taking whatever pill that is available to stay awake at the end of his graveyard shift, only to realize that the back ally pill he took has all kinds of drugs mixed in that shows up in his toxicology report, making him ineligible to keep his children with him. He is certainly not a junkie but is betrayed by the system is the takeaway. Left with no choice, he is happy to keep at least one child with him, while agreeing to let his stepmother take care of his other child. Another lady named Crystal, abused when she was a child, shorn by biological parents, bouncing around foster homes, not able to understand why her social security support stopped when she turned 18 (as she is an adult now), becomes homeless. A roommate of the author named Kimbell, who steps on a nail in a run-down apartment, ignores medical treatment since he can't afford it as he didn't have health insurance, ends up losing one leg. In each one of these cases, you'd think there will be mechanisms in a rich country to help them, since these are all people working one or more jobs to survive, not drug addicts or lazy bums just hanging around. But in reality, they all get advice about how they need to pull themselves up by their bootstraps but often not much else. I know of such stories myself through volunteering work I do. Though things are far worse in many other parts of the world, point here is that US, a country that can potentially eliminate poverty and provide a good baseline quality of life to everyone, in reality doesn't. 

Author discusses how in many areas laws in place are anti-poor. For example, tipping your waiter 15 to 20% when you eat in restaurants is a common practice in the US. While we think we are giving this tip to the staff in appreciation of their good service, restaurant industry has managed to get laws passed that allows them to pay less than minimum wage to their staff as long as the tips make up the difference! For example, if I hire a maid at home, I have to pay a minimum of say $10 per hour. But a waitress getting a $3 tip can be paid just $7 by the restaurant owner. Thus, the tip is actually going to the restaurant owner and not the staff. Book discusses many other areas such as how US corporations prevent labor unions, townships prevent low cost homes being built in their neighborhood thinking it will pull down the real estate value when poor people move in, etc. 

Mitigation ideas suggested are, supporting corporations that pay a fair wage, allowing labor unions, supporting low-cost home building in your neighborhood (research shows that unless the implementation is horrendous, real estate values don't go down when low-cost homes are built in a high-income neighborhood) and so on. While I am in support of these ideas, I wasn't impressed much by this book. I was quite aware of these issues, and the solutions proposed aren't anything new. They are not even anything too precise that will quickly address the underlying issues but are highlevel ones that will take decades to show any meaningful impact. 

Personal stories and anecdotes are powerful in helping us form our opinions. But it is a double-edged sword and so anyone who has experiences that fall in the opposite end, will have a strong negative reaction to the discussed problems and proposed solutions. For example, I personally know of people (i.e. not big faceless corporations) who have one or two condominiums they rent out to get some investment income. These are not the heartless slumlords discussed in the book but friends of mine who are generous, kind, good at heart middle-class individuals. They have horror stories of tenants who are coached not to pay rent and ways of avoiding eviction that have been living rent-free for years with court cases on going. These friends are realizing that they are not cut out to be landlords and are trying to sell the property and place the proceeds in mutual funds. I can tell many labor union stories where the impossible demands by the unions have run the whole company aground. Book doesn't even acknowledge such things happen, focusing only on one side of the narrative. We certainly don't want to be swayed by one anecdote or the other and will be better off following my Simple Questions framework to get the full picture and correct solutions that will scale. 

If you are interested in this topic, this might be a quick easy read. Perhaps Ezra Klein's Abundance book (which I haven't read yet) that deals with this domain might be a more interesting read, providing lot more to chew on. 

Sunday, July 6, 2025

Right to Repair Movement

I consider myself handy, probably a trait my younger brother and I imbibed from our father. While many men of my (and previous) generation pride themselves in being able to fix broken equipment around the house and/or being able to jerry rig things to get little projects going, I generally notice a decline in this aptitude amongst people of younger generation. This trend is accelerated by companies intentionally designing products that can't be serviced by owners, so that we will depend on the company's "certified technicians" that charge an arm and a leg to fix even simple things. There are few other reasons as well that exacerbates this trend. 


- More than 15 years ago, Wired published an article titled The Good Enough Revolution, that is still worth reading. It talked about companies intentionally choosing cheap materials to manufacture their products focusing on convenience and reduced cost. This of course made the products cheaper, rendering them affordable to lot more people. 

- The rapid product obsolescence that is becoming the norm in many domains (think electronics, fast fashion clothing) adds to this phenomenon. If you are not going to use a product for more than 2 years, why spend the time/money/energy to design it to last 20 years?

- To prevent competitors from copying their products, manufacturers often paint circuit boards with black paint (so that others can't find out the component details), glue pieces together (instead of using screws or other fasteners that can be taken apart and put back together) that will break when you take them apart, declare warranties void if you open the product and so on.  

- Manufacturers would like you to keep buying the same product again and again, when it breaks, rather than fix the product as increases the revenue for them. So, they have a clear incentive to make it as difficult and expensive as possible to fix broken products, making buying another new unit the easier choice. 

But for people like me, this trend is quite annoying, since we believe once you buy a product, you totally own it, should be able to service and keep it running for a long time as long as it is functioning well. One simple example of when this gets really irritating. My wife and I drink a cup of fruit smoothie for breakfast daily. The Nutribullet brand blender I use to make the smoothie, comes with a blade seen in this picture. It broke within a year of daily use. 

It was making a weird screeching noise and was heating up a lot when I was trying to use it. After digging around and searching online a bit, understood that the two small ball bearing (what is beneath the blue ring in the second photo) needed to get the blade spindle spin tends to go down quickly if you use it daily. 

I tried replacing it and ended up damaging the blade as it wasn't designed to be fixed by end user. Bought a replacement blade. It broke again within 2 months! Bought a 3rd blade that broke again in couple of months! Throwing out the whole blender or buying another blender just for making smoothie type ideas sounded silly. So, this time really sat down, figured out the way to remove the two small ball bearing carefully and replaced them with new ones. While the replacement blade costs $20 even for non-brand (i.e compatible but not made by Nutribullet) and lot more for "original", I could get 10 units of the ball bearing for $10 or so! (Third photo shows the blade and the remaining 8 ball bearings.)  

In addition to cost saving, not throwing a fully working electrical item that is not biodegradable into a landfill feels really good! It is the same joy one gets when completing a software debug to see a fix you coded fully resolves the issue. But Nutribullet is certainly not making it easy. I can immediately think of small tweaks they can do to resolve this issue, making the product last a lot longer. (Alternately the Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner has a nice design that has many components that can be replaced by end user fairly easily.)

While I can write a lot more about dishwashers, coffee makers, washing machines and lawn mowers that I have fixed over the years and the trials and tribulations involved, will cut that short to say, I am really glad to see the "Right to Repair" movement gaining some traction in the US. It is sad that this has to become a "movement" for people to be able to use products longer. But at least it is a trend in the right direction that also seems to include older repair enthusiasts holding Saturday sessions in local community centers where anyone can walk-in with a broken appliance and get guidance on how to get it working again. You can read about the movement at https://www.repair.org/stand-up. The notion appears to be more popular in Europe, while in Asia people do tend to repair & use products as per tradition more often. You can also watch this short video, read this write up. There are articles/research like this one that suggest it is a lose-lose-lose movement as well! 

Couple of quick questions:
- Do you consider yourself handy? Any interesting repair story that made you proud of yourself? Emoji

- What is the oldest product you own? Not asking about jewelry or a book that is a family heirloom, but something that "works"? 

Next photo shows a Casio fx-350 scientific calculator I bought during my first year of engineering in 1982 that I still have and continues to work well, after 43 years! I usually take good care of things and so they don't breakdown quickly. Still four decades is awesome for a calculator! I have used this calculator for some 100+ exams, though off late don't use it at all, since using the ones available on the PC or browser is easier. Not sure when I replaced its button cell last time, but it still comes on and works normally. 

P.S. When I sent this post out as an email, it resonated with a lot of friends, who are men of my age! Got responses from many in the US, India and Europe! It was gratifying to learn that the weekend repair gathering is active in UK as well: